Design Codes

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The mechanical properties of FRP reinforcing bars differ from those of conventional steel rebar in a number of areas. As a result, several issues arise in the development of a design methodology for concrete structures reinforced with such bars. The general design recommendations for flexural concrete elements reinforced with FRP reinforcing bars are presented in ACI 440.1R-06 (2006), Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars, as reported by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) committee 440.

The ACI 440 recommendations are based on principles of equilibrium and compatibility, and the constitutive laws of the materials. The new design philosophy adopted for FRP bars used as reinforcement for concrete allows consideration to be given to either FRP rupture or concrete crushing as the mechanism that controls failure. It is based on limit states design principles. An FRP reinforced concrete member is designed based on its required strength, and then checked for fatigue endurance, creep rupture endurance, and serviceability criteria. In most cases serviceability criteria or fatigue and creep rupture endurance limits will control the design.

Design engineers should consider the appropriateness of reinforcing concrete with FRP bars, keeping in mind the following basic points in their designs:

	Direct substitution of FRP bars in a concrete member designed with steel bars is not possible in most cases.
	Lower modulus of elasticity and shear strength of composite rebars may limit the applications where FRP rebar can be utilized.
	Glass FRP bar is limited to a maximum sustained stress of 25% of the guaranteed design tensile strength.
	Glass FRP bar applications are limited to the reinforcement of concrete and are not to be used as a prestressing or post-tensioning element.

Extensive effort on an International level has resulted in the development of codes and guidelines for FRP reinforced concrete. Existing publications currently available for such use are as follows:

USA

	ACI 440R-07 (2007) “Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures,” ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
	ACI 440.1R-06 (2006) “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars,” ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
	ACI 440.2R-02 (2002) “Guide for Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures,” ACI Committee 440.
	ACI 440.3R-04 (2004) "Guide for Test Methods for Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) for Reinforcing and Strengthening Concrete Structures," ACI Committee 440, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.

Available from: American Concrete Institute
                       38800 Country Club Drive
                       Farmington Hills, MI 48331
                       Phone: 248/848-3700   Fax: 248/848-3701

Canada

	CAN/CSA-S806-02, “Design and Construction of Building Components with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers”, Canadian Standards Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, (May 2002), 187p.
	CAN/CSA-S6-06 “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code” Canadian Standards Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, (December 2006), 800p.

Available from: Canadian Standards Association
                       178 Rexdale Boulevard
                       Toronto, Ontario M9W 1R3 Canada
                       Phone: 416/747-4044

ISIS Canada 2001a “Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fiber Reinforced Polymers,” Design Manual No. 3, The Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence on Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures, ISIS Canada Corporation, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 158p.

Available from: ISIS Canada, Administrative Centre
                       The University of Manitoba
                       Room 227 Engineering Building
                       Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6 Canada
                       Phone: 204/474-8506   Fax: 204/474-7519

Japan

Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) 1997 “Recommendation for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Using Continuous Fiber Reinforced Materials,” Concrete Engineering Series 23, ed. by A. Machida, Research Committee on Continuous Fiber Reinforcing Materials, Tokyo, Japan, 325 p.

Italy

CNR-DT 203/2006 - "Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars."

Available from: Italian National Research Council
www.cnr.it

Europe

	FIP Task Group 9.3 “FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures” (1999)
	Report # STF 22 A 98741 “Eurocrete Modifications to NS3473 When Using FRP Reinforcement”, Norway (1998)

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